| True | False |
| The only teeth with always one root canal are maxillary central incisors |
| The only teeth with always one root canal are maxillary incisors |
| The only teeth with always one root canal are maxillary incisors and canine |
| The root tip of maxillary lateral incisor often bends mesially |
| The root tip of maxillary lateral incisor often bends distally |
| The average length of an intact maxillary lateral incisor is ca 23 mm |
| The average length of an intact maxillary canine is ca 24 mm |
| The root tip of maxillary canine may bend distally and labially |
| Mandibular canine is the longest tooth |
| First maxillary premolar is the shortest tooth |
| Molarization may occur in all front teeth and premolars |
| Maxillary "molarization" premolars have two buccal roots and one palatal root |
| The roots in three-rooted maxillary premolars are easy to detect in the radiographs |
| Maxillary second premolar with two root canals has one mesial and one distal canal |
| Two root canals in maxillary second premolar usually join 1 - 5 mm before apex |
| Maxillary first molar has usually three (3) root canals |
| Maxillary second molar has usually three (3) root canals |
| MB1 and MB2 canals of upper molars often join before apex |
| Sometimes maxillary second molar has only one root canal |
| MB2 canal is located in the distobuccal root |
| The openings of MB1 and MB2 canals in the same root are of same size and equally easy/difficult to find |
| MB2 canal in first maxillary molar is located on the straight line between MB1 and palatal canal |
| MB2 canal in first maxillary molar is located mesially to the straight line between MB1 and palatal canal |
| There is always only one palatal canal in maxillary molars |
| Palatal canal in maxillary molars is the narrowest canal |
| Mesiobuccal root of maxillary molars in flattened mesio-distally |
| Palatal canal of maxillary molars often curves palatally at the apical end |
| Palatal canal of maxillary molars often curves buccally at the apical end |
| The apical curvature of maxillary molar palatal canal is readily visible in the radiographs |
| True | False |
| Mandibular incisors and canines have always one root canal |
| 20 % of mandibular incisors have two canals in the same root (= double canals) |
| Double canals in mandibular incisors usually join 1 - 5 mm before apex |
| The root tip of lower lateral incisor often curves distally |
| Lower incisors of the same patient are always equally long |
| Lower central incisor is usually longer than the lateral incisor |
| Mandibular canine has always only one root |
| Mandibular canine may have two root canals that often join before apex |
| First mandibular premolar can have one canal |
| First mandibular premolar can have two canals |
| First mandibular premolar can have three canals |
| Two canals are more usual in lower second than in lower first premolar |
| When two canals are present in lower premolars, the files typically have easier access to the lingual canal |
| Molarization is more frequent in second than in first lower premolar |
| First mandibular molar has usually three or four root canals |
| First mandibular molar can have five root canals |
| Double canals in molar roots (except upper palatal roots) are always buccal and lingual |
| Curved root canals in lower molars curve only in mesio-distal direction |
| When an extra root is present in lower molars, it is usually mesial |
| Double canals in molar roots typically have anastomoses |
| Lower third molar can have up to four root canals |
| True | False |
| Evaginations are more frequent than invaginations |
| Evagination can increase the risk for pulpal infection |
| True | False |
| Invagination can increase the risk for pulpal infection |
| Invaginations occur only in maxillary lateral incisors |
| Invagination has always a connection to the root canal |
| A tooth with an invagination cannot be saved from pulpal necrosis |
| Invaginations cannot occur in mandibular teeth |
| Type III (three) invagination opens into periodontal tissue in mid-root |
| Type I invagination is the deepest of the four invaginations |
| True | False |
| A pulp stone is not an indication for endodontic treatment |
| Pulp stones are found only in the pulp chamber |
| Pulp stones are found only in the root canal |
| Pulp stones are not always round |
| Once diagnosed, pulp stones are always easy to remove |
| Pulp stones are much softer than dentine |
| True | False |
| Apical foramen can be located at the radiographical apex |
| Apical foramen can be located at the lateral root surface |
| One root canal has always only one apical foramen |
| Lateral canals end at the dentine-cement border |
| Root surface cement can be found a few micrometers inside the apical canal |
| True | False |
| Reduction of pulpal space is always a consequence of a pathological phenomenon |
| Calcification/obliteration of the pulp is an indication for endodontic treatment |
| Pulp chamber space reduction occurs mainly by the floor "growing up" |
| Pulp chamber space reduction occurs mainly by the roof "growing down" |
| In the apical 1 - 4 mm most canals are oval or round in cross section |
| True | False |
| Ca. 10% of the canals are curved |
| Canals curve only in mesio-distal direction |
| Normal radiographs can detect mesio-distal and bucco-lingual curvatures equally easily |
| Sharp curves with a short radius are more difficult to instrument than even curves with long radius |
| S-shaped canal curves two times to the same direction |
| Palatal canal of upper molars often curves buccally |
| True | False |
| Double canals can join and separate again before apex |
| Double canals always join before apex |
| Difficulty to see double canals in radiographs is because they are located bucco-lingual |
| Sudden disappearance of canal shadow in mid-root in the radiograph in a strong indication of a double canal |
| Depending on the angulation, periodontal ligament space can cause canal-resembling vertical shadows on the root in the radiograph |
| True | False |
| Is equally common/rare in all premolars |
| The frequency of molarization is ca 1% |
| Maxillary "molarization" premolars have two buccal and one palatal root |
| True | False |
| C-shaped canal is a special feature of lower second molar |
| In C-shaped canals the mesial canals join forming a C-shaped orifice in the pulp chamber |
| Ca. 5 % of lower second molars have a C-shaped canal system |
| True | False |
| In taurodontism, the pulp chamber is exceptionally deep |
| Taurodontic teeth are generally difficult to instrument |
| Taurodontic teeth are easier to root fill than normal teeth |